Autonomic computing significance pdf download

A Win32 console application ity may stress the ability of the thermoregulation system to adapt to Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington was used to sudden and extreme temperature changes, and that adaptive obtain QT and QTc values from the data. This application ability is reduced in individuals who are immunocompromised or measured the QT interval from the beat onset to the end of the T present with chronic illness [29].

The QT interval was not were associated with heart-rate corrected QT interval QTc in a calculated if the T wave did not have sufficient amplitude, as cohort of elderly males in the Boston Metropolitan Area.

The Intraclass correlation Additionally, we applied a validated spatially and temporally coefficient for mean QTc across all visits was 0. Hourly temperature and humidity data were obtained from a stationary monitor located at the Boston Logan airport weather Materials and Methods station 12 km from the exam site , and we calculated the hour mean and standard deviation of temperature for each calendar Ethics Statement day in the study period.

For this analysis, we evaluated moving The present study was approved by the Human Research average windows of hr mean temperature and hr standard Committees of the Harvard School of Public Health and the deviation of temperature of 1 and up to 7 days prior to visit, as well Department of Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, and as 14, 21, and 28 days prior to visit. To identify QT-prolonging medications, with additional air temperature predictors percent urban, we considered drugs grouped by risk of torsades and possible risk elevation, normalized difference vegetation index as well as a of torsades from the Arizona Center for Education and Research random intercept and a random slope for surface temperature for on Therapeutics [36].

The above covariates were chosen a priori each day. Since surface temperature values are often missing due as potential confounders or important determinants of QTc. We to cloud cover or retrieval errors, the base model often fails to investigated possible effect modification by season warm: April— provide predictions for many grid cell-day combinations. In a preliminary analysis, we evaluated whether the association Importantly, since daily air temperature varies considerably between the moving average of each temperature variable and between different geographical regions, we built a 60 km buffer QTc was non-linear.

We fit generalized additive mixed models around each monitor and used its daily temperature as a predictor with penalized splines for each of the temperature variables. The of temperature in all cells that fell within the buffer. Our model performance was excellent for both term, and we compared the Akaike information criterion to assess days with available satellite data and days without satellite model fit between models with the linear and non-linear term. To estimate air temperature exposure at each was the better fit.

When pressure and total cholesterol one at a time in generalized additive we regressed monitored temperature as a function of predicted mixed models to evaluate whether the association between these temperature for the monitors within km of Boston that were covariates and QTc were non-linear. The linear term for each of left out from the analysis, the calculated root mean square these covariates was the better fit.

This contrast demonstrates the improved accuracy of Of the participants included in this analysis, Because participants living further from central Boston. Similar to hr healthier men may be more likely to participate in subsequent mean temperature measured from the local monitor, we evaluated follow-up visits, we applied inverse probability weights to correct moving average windows of the hr mean temperature for this potential survival bias as a sensitivity analysis [37].

Similar estimated from the prediction model at 1 and up to 7 days prior to methods described by Zanobetti et al. We used linear mixed-effects person-visits in the linear mixed-effect models. The mean age at baseline visit of temperature. Estimates are given per interquartile range of the temperature variable for the specific moving average.

In separate when QTc was measured was approximately 74 years. The mean models, we fit each moving average window of each temperature QTc measured at the baseline visit approximated msec. The variable one at a time in an established confounder model distributions of QTc measured in all visits during warm Mean consisting of fixed characteristics including age at baseline visit, SD : Participants were day moving average of hr mean temperature were predominantly white, former smokers, and hypertensive.

Across all moving pollution parameters and correlations between them in all person- averages, the standard errors for the associations between hr visits included in this analysis. While marginally statistically significant and as expected, a very strong positive correlation was also associations p,0. Weaker correlations were observed between both moving average of hr mean temperature and longer QTc hour mean temperature variables with hour mean relative utilizing both approaches for estimating mean temperature, no humidity, 4-hour lag BC, and hr standard deviation of associations were observed for hr mean temperature at shorter temperature.

Higher hr mean temperature, as measured from the local Statistically significant associations were also observed between monitor, was significantly associated with longer QTc at moving hr standard deviation of temperature and QTc from moving averages of 21 and 28 days Figure 1a. Specifically, interquartile averages of 4 days up to 28 days Figure 1b.

The strongest associations between higher hr and While standard deviation of temperature and longer QTc was observed significant associations were present at the same moving averages at the day moving average; a 0. Additionally, there were no appreciable changes in the effect estimates or standard errors for moving average hr mean However, marginally stronger positive associations with wider standard hr TP errors were observed for hr standard deviation of temperature at moving averages of 14, 21, and 28 days, in the minimally 0.

At moving averages of 14, 21, and 28 days, the associations between hr mean temperature, as measured from the local monitor, and QTc as shown in Figure 1a were slightly stronger hr TSDS during warm than cold months Figure 2a. However, the confidence intervals for the estimated associations for warm and A similar pattern in comparing estimated associations between warm and cold months was observed for hr mean temperature predicted from the spatiotemporal model Figures S1a in File S1.

Muthu Velayutham, M. Consumers are the kings of markets. Without consumers no business organization can run. All the activities of the business concerns end with consumers and consumer satisfaction.

Customer behavior study is based on consumer buying behavior, with the customer playing the three distinct roles of user, payer and buyer.

Consumer buying behaviour has become an integral part of strategic market planning. In order to develop a framework for the study consumer behaviour it is helpful to begin by considering the evolution of the field of consumer research and the different paradigms of thought that have influenced the discipline. As described in this article, a set of dimensions can be identified in the literature, which can be used to characterize and differentiate, the various perspectives on consumer research.

It is argued that consumer behaviour itself emerged as a distinct field of study during the s; and is characterized by two broad paradigms, the positivist and the non-positivist. The positivist paradigm, which is still the dominant paradigm, emphasizes the supremacy of human reason and that there is a single, objective truth that can be discovered by science.

The opposing, non-positivist paradigm, envelops the interpretive and postmodern perspectives, which have emerged more recently during the period post to date.

The rational view and the ideology of a homogenous social culture and thereby deny the complex social and cultural world in which consumers live. The traditional, positivist perspective takes a very utilitarian approach to the benefits from consumption. While the non-positivist perspectives place much greater emphasis on the symbolic dimensions of choice.

The objective of non-positivist research endeavour is to achieve a better understanding of consumer behaviour with no specific intent to influence consumer processes. This article aims to identify different streams of thought that could guide future consumer research. The knowledge of consumer behavior helps the marketer to understand how consumers think, feel and select from alternatives like products, brands and the like and how the consumers are influenced by their environment, the reference groups, family, and salespersons and so on.

Most of these factors are uncontrollable and beyond the hands of marketers but they have to be considered while trying to understand the complex behavior of the consumers. Pre-purchase activity might consist of the growing awareness of a need or want, and a search for and evaluation of information about the products and brands that might satisfy it.

Post-purchase activities include the evaluation of the purchased item in use and the reduction of any anxiety which accompanies the purchase of expensive and infrequently-bought items. Each of these has implications for purchase and repurchase and they are amenable in differing degrees to marketer influence Foxall Engel, et al.

Simple observation provides limited insight into the complex nature of consumer choice and researchers have increasingly sought the more sophisticated concepts and methods of investigation provided by behavioural sciences in order to understand, predict, and possibly control consumer behaviour more effectively.

This article presents a review of the literature, in the field of consumer buying behaviour. The first section, describes, the importance of various factors including lifestyle and its impact on the consumer buying behavior. The second section describes the dominant, positivistic consumer perspectives. The third section, presents a methodological and analytical overview of the traditional perspectives. The remainder of this section is devoted to presenting the highlights of the debate between the recent non-positivist perspectives and the traditional positivist-based approaches.

This discussion surrounds the issues of fundamental assumptions and techniques of analysis of various alternative modes of enquiry. The main purpose of this article is to identify different streams of thought that could help and guide for future consumer researchers. Risk aversion is a measure of how much consumers need to be certain and sure of what they are purchasing Donthu and Gilliland, Highly risk adverse consumers need to be very certain about what they are buying.

Whereas less risk adverse consumers can tolerate some risk and uncertainty in their purchases. The second variable, innovativeness, is a global measure which captures the degree to which consumers are willing to take chances and experiment with new ways of doing things Donthu and Gilliand, The shopping motivation literature is abound with various measures of individual characteristics e.

Measures by Donthu and Gilliland were used to measure innovativeness and risk aversion. QUALITY It is our aim to provide the best product for the consumer and we believe that if the products have quality the consumer will pay the price, says Amal Pramanic, regional business director. A product has to draw the attention of the consumers through an outstanding packaging design. Earlier packaging was considered only a container to put a product in, but today, research in to the right packaging is beginning at the product development stage itself.

It spends large sums annually on packaging research. This is always a strenuous exercise and one of the tools for the same is marketing. There is no specific game rule available for using these marketing tools. The reason is: each promotional tool has its own characteristics. Through frequent use consumers should become accustomed to using the channel which reduces their apprehension and anxiety in purchasing products through the channel.

A brand attitude cannot be performed, unless a consumer is aware of the brand. In memory theory, brand awareness is positioned as a vital first step in building the bundle of associations which are attached to the brand in memory Stokes, Prior family influence research has focused on intergenerational rather than intergenerational influence in consumer generationalisation. As has been compellingly demonstrated, parents influence children.

Yet, consumption domains clearly exist where sibling efforts may also be exerted. Two groups of motives, functional and nonfunctional, have been proposed by Sheth Anna D Burke. Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute. Stephen Salloway. Marwan N Sabbagh. M Mallar Chakravarty. Gwenn S Smith. Constantine G Lyketsos. Michael S Okun.

Andres M Lozano. Correspondence to: Andres M. Revision received:. Corrected and typeset:. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstarct Because of its involvement in a wide variety of cardiovascular, metabolic and behavioural functions, the hypothalamus constitutes a potential target for neuromodulation in a number of treatment-refractory conditions. Issue Section:. You do not currently have access to this article.

Download all slides. Sign in Don't already have an Oxford Academic account? You could not be signed in. Sign In Forgot password? Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution Sign in. Pharm seats offered by more than participating institutes. Aspirants can go through the article to know the GPAT syllabus in detail. The syllabus of the GPAT entrance examination majorly concentres on the various dimensions of pharmaceutics.

Aspirants can take references to the table mentioned below to prepare for GPAT and understand the detail and depth. Neurohumoral transmission in autonomic and central nervous system. Introduction to laboratory equipment, weighing methodology, handling of prescriptions, labelling instructions for dispensed products.

Posological calculations involved in the calculation of dosage for infants. Study of current patent and proprietary products, generic products and selected brand products, indications, contraindications, adverse drug reactions, available dosage forms and packing.

Reading and counselling of prescriptions from the clinical practice. Preparations of formulations involving allegation, alcohol dilution, isotonic solution. Liquids solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, aromatic water, liquid for external uses. Drug interaction in pediatric and geriatric patients, drug treatment during pregnancy, lactation and menstruation.

Drug interaction, Monitoring and reporting of ADR and its significance. Age-related drug therapy: concept of posology, drug therapy for neonates, paediatrics and geriatrics. Drugs used in pregnancy and lactation. Drug therapy in gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders.

Pharmacovigilance, Therapeutic drug monitoring, Neutraceuticals, essential drugs and rational drug usage. General Principles, preparation, maintenance, analysis of observational records in Clinical Pharmacy. Drug therapy in infections of respiratory system, urinary system, infective meningitis, TB, HIV, malaria and filaria.

Drug therapy for thyroid and parathyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, menstrual cycle disorders, menopause and male sexual dysfunction. Drug therapy for malignant disorders like leukaemia, lymphoma and solid tumours. Clinical trials, type and phases of clinical trials, placebo, ethical and regulatory issues including Good clinical practice in clinical trials. Laboratory tests for Liver function tests and kidney function tests. Disorders of homeostasis: white blood cells, lymphoid tissues, and red blood cells related diseases.

Along with the syllabus of GPAT , it is also necessary to know to be aware of the exam pattern of the exam. The GPAT exam pattern provides all the important insights of the entrance examination. Aspirants can check the GPAT exam pattern from the table mentioned below. Previous years question paper must be practised by the aspirants in order to crack the entrance examination.