Free bloat pdf download

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The downside to this small size is that Slim PDF is pretty basic. There are no tools for signing, filling, commenting, or highlighting, let alone multiple reading modes. While there is a menu option to convert a PDF to a Word document, doing this requires another software download. Goplen and R. Howarth, unpublished 5D. Christensen, personal communication. Alfalfa meal is a constituent in a bloat-provoking ration 93 which has been widely used for experimental purposes and dehydrated alfalfa has a reputation for causing bloat Some other feedstuffs which have been suggested to cause bloat in feedlot rations are mouldy feeds, rapeseed screenings and protein supplements.

To this author's knowledge no experimental documentation of these claims has been published. Grass or cereal hays are excellent for this purpose. The roughage should be fed as long hay or coarsely ground.

Tallow is frequently considered as a bloat preventive but in several feeding trials, animal fats did not reduce bloat scores 13, Increased bloat incidence was observed when soybean oil was added to a bloat-provoking ration 30, Mineral oil reduced bloat incidence 30 but its side effects limit its usefulness as a bloat preventive.

Additions of synthetic surfactants to feedlot rations have given variable responses. Poloxalene reduced, but did not prevent bloat, on a high grain-low roughage ration 7 and had no preventive effect in steers fed a high barley ration with sun-cured alfalfa pellets The lack of complete anti-foaming activity of poloxalene against feedlot bloat foam prompted Meyer and Bartley to examine other compounds and thev have found that a dimethyl dialkyl quatemary ammonium compound will prevent frothy, high concentrate bloat 73, Some cattlemen feed laundry detergents to prevent bloat but in view of the general ineffectiveness of many surface active agents 73 it is doubtful if laundry detergents have any beneficial value as preventive agents.

Ration texture is an important factor in the occurrence of feedlot bloat. Concentrates and roughages should not be finely ground 5, Addition of water to grains before grinding or rolling will prevent excessive pulverization.

This is particularly important when cattle are started on finishing rations. Complete rations 8R. Hironaka, personal communication. Etiology In some respects the froth in bloat, caused by high grain rations, is similar to legume pasture bloat. The gas is trapped in many small bubbles dispersed throughout the rumen contents and does not readily separate into liquid and solid layers upon standing.

Yet other observations indicate that the physical-chemical relations in the rumen are not the same as for pasture bloat. High concentrate bloat increases in severity over a period of weeks suggesting the accumulation of specific micro-organisms or chemical substances in the rumen. Also poloxalene, vegetable oils and animal fats are much less effective as preventive agents for high concentrate bloat compared to legume pasture bloat. The only etiological studies of surface active agents in relation to high concentrate bloat have been by Bartley and co-workers 5.

They proposed that reduced salivation on high grain rations results in the secretion of a smaller amount of anti-foaming salivary mucin into the rumen. Further, bloat was enhanced by the addition of mucinolvtic bacteria into the rumen of cattle receiving a bloat-provoking ration. Most investigations into the cause of frothing in high concentrate bloat have been on factors affecting viscosity of the rumen ingesta.

In animals fed a high grain ration, viscosity of whole rumen contents was not related to bloat incidence 50 , but viscosity of rumen fluid was positively correlated with bloat incidence 40, Viscosity of rumen fluid also increased in association with bloat incidence in cattle fed a finely ground ration The number of encapsulated bacteria in the rumen rises with increased bloat incidence and the viscosity of rumen fluid during bloat has been attributed to substances of microbial origin, either from the capsules or from the intracellular contents of ruptured micro-organisms 17, 40, Bloat may occur when cattle overeat from the rumen fluid of bloating cattle Severe outbreaks can occur when hungry the onset of bloat was attributed to this slime.

It was mals fed twice daily Self-feeders should suggested to be of microbial origin but in view be checked regularly to watch for bridging of its composition the possibility of feed or and to ensure that fresh feed is always available. Similarly, regular inspection of water animal origin should also be considered.

The scientific literature on feedlot bloat deals almost exclusively with frothy bloat. Church Acidosis and Rumenitis Rumen pH is low on high concentrate and 19 and Clarke and Reid 22 have indicated that frothiness is the cause of bloat in the finely ground rations.

Rumen motility ceases majority of animals fed feedlot rations. The at low rumen pH 19, 44 and it has been stomach tube is not a satisfactory treatment assumed that eructation may also be impaired.

This does raise the question of bloat. Rumenitis is related to acidosis in that both whether free-gas bloat occurs with significant frequency in cattle fed high concentrate, feed- are associated with feeding high grain rations. Preston and Willis 87 and Lesions in the area of the cardia can impair Pounden et al 85 have indicated that free- eructation and cause a free-gas bloat To the extent that free-gas bloat may be caused gas bloat occurs frequently.

In describing the bloat occurring in animals by acidosis or rumenitis it may be prevented fed high concentrate rations, cattlemen often by exercising appropriate care in starting anidistinguish between free-gas and frothy bloat mals on high grain rations. They describe the condition as free-gas bloat Other Pathological Lesions Occasionally reports of bloat apparently if the gas is released through a stomach tube. If the tube is occluded by frothy rumen con- caused by pathological lesions have been pubtents, they describe the condition as frothy lished.

These include esophagitis resulting bloat. However, even in frothy bloat, a pocket from shipping fever 85 , lesions of the vagus of free-gas is always present in the dorsal, blind nerve 19 , esophageal papilloma 10 , a sac of the rumen and release of this gas through fibroma in the area of the cardia 49 , and an a stomach tube may give partial relief from enlarged mediastinal lymph node. Bloat may the bloated condition 12, Thus a definite also occur secondary to traumatic reticulodiagnosis of free-gas or frothy bloat can only peritonitis.

Overfill, acidosis, and pathological le- cattle, reflecting both physiological and genetic sions are the most likely causes of free-gas differences.

Young animals are Overfill more susceptible than older animals 88, , Experienced cattle feeders believe that reg- perhaps because susceptible animals die from ular feed and water intake help to prevent bloat or are culled from the herds. Severe feedlot bloat is more common in Contrary to popular opinion, rate of eating the finishing period 22 , but this probably and degree of nmastication are not related to results from the nature of the ration as much bloat susceptibility 22, 42, 51, 63, 70 , nor as from the physiological condition of the have differences in rumen motility been deanimals.

Many studies on salivation in Genetic Variation relation to bloat have been conducted but the Genetic differences between animals have role of saliva still remains unclear. Mendel and been demonstrated in a number of experi- Boda 71 reported that bloat-susceptible catmental studies.

Differences in bloating be- tle secreted less saliva than bloat-resistant cathavior were significant between monozygotic tle but others 22, 75 did not detect any such twin sets but were similar within twin sets 42, difference. However, differences in salivary Evidence that susceptibility to bloating is composition may be significant Salivary a heritable trait is provided by greater bloat proteins may be useful genetic markers of incidence in the progeny of certain sires 60, bloat susceptibility in cattle A temporary 89 , but there are also significant differences exchange of susceptibility to bloat occurred between animals within sire groups.

There is when rumen contents of susceptible and nonno reliable information on the heritability of susceptible cattle were exchanged 23 demthis trait Chronic bloat is a characteristic onstrating that the immediate cause of suscepof dwarf beef cattle PreBreed differences in susceptibility to bloat feeding samples of rumen contents from nonhave been reported.

It has been reported that susceptible cattle contained coarse fibrous resiBrahma cows were more resistant to bloat than dues while the rumen contents of susceptible those of other breeds 52, 65 , but these animals contained finely divided particulate opinions have been disputed 22, A re- matter Mendel and Boda 71 reported port by Miller and Fredrick 77 has been that rumen contents from bloating animals cited as evidence that dual-purpose Shorthoms contained a higher percent dry matter than were more susceptible than Holsteins but in nonbloaters, but New Zealand investigators this experiment the two breeds were not fed found the opposite relationship Dry matthe same ration and a valid breed comparison ter concentration in the ingesta is affected by cannot be made.

In Cuba, the incidence of feed intake and therefore probably does not chronic bloat was greater among Santa Gertru- closely relate to bloat susceptibilitv. There dis and Holstein bulls than among Charolais, were no differences, related to bloat susceptiZebu and Criollo bulls raised on low fibre bility, in rumen fluid pH, buffering capacity, rations In New Zealand, Jersey cattle rate of fermentation or fluid transfer from the were reported to be more susceptible to pas- rumen 22, The critical animal factor s ture bloat than Friesian or Ayrshire cattle determining whether bloat occurs have not In general these breed comparisons are been specificallv identified but the most promlimited in their scope and do not permit gen- ising avenue for further investigation appears eral conclusions regarding relative breed merits to be in the texture, composition, and micro Bloat occurs in all breeds and animal bial population of the prefeeding rumen condifferences within breeds probably equal dif- tents.

The bloat susceptibility of the been made in recent years. Frothy bloat caused progeny of various sires has been recorded by legume pasture, legume hay or high con 89 , and a preliminary breeding program is centrate rations may be treated with antiin progress.

At present feeding trials are the foaming agents. Commercial preparations cononly method of assessing susceptibility to bloat tain detergents and other anti-foaming suband an easier method of identifying low sus- stances which provide rapid dispersion of the ceptible cattle is required to make breeding foam.

Mineral oil and vegetable oils are also for low susceptibility a feasible proposition on effective and give satisfactory treatment.

Vegea commercial scale. Development of such a table oils are degraded in the rumen more test requires greater knowledge of the physio- rapidly than detergents or mineral oils and logical basis of genetic differences between will prevent foaming for a shorter period of animals. If free-gas bloat is suspected, the stomach tube may be the first treatment because it is the only suitable treatment for free-gas bloat and it will frequently provide partial relief from high concentrate frothy bloat.

If the animal is not deflated via the stomach tube alone, an anti-foaming agent should be administered. Treated animals may be placed on an all-roughage ration to induce chanAes in the rumen microbial population or to allow recovery from acidosis or rumenitis before returning to the bloat-provoking ration. Animals which bloat repeatedly and frequently should be culled. Mild bloat is often treated effectively by chasing the animal for 20 to 30 minutes to stimulate elimination of gas from the rumen.

In severe cases, when the animal is down and distressed, the rumen must be tapped. Four classes of bloat are defined and bloat-free varieties of alfalfa and clovers, and to the development of intraruminal capsules for the sustained release of surfactants. Risumi L'auteur passe en revue les connaissances actuelles relatives au meteorisme, en insistant sur son incidence et sa prevention dans les conditions qui pr6valent au Canada.

II d6finit et commente quatre varietes de cette condition: 1 celle des paturages de legumineuses; 2 celle du foin de legumineuses; 3 celle d'une ration riche en concentres; 4 celle o'u les gaz s'accumulent a l'etat libre. Les deux premieres varietes representent des conditions aigues; l'incidence et la gravite de la troisieme augmentent toutefois pendant une certaine periode apres le d6but de l'alimentation avec une ration qui en favorise le developpement.

Le me'torisme attribuable au foin de legumineuses se produit ordinairement lorsqu'on sert de ce foin et des grains, dans des proportions variant de a Le poloxalene s'avere efficace pour prevenir les deux premieres varietes de meteorisme, mais non les deux autres.

Les trois premieres varietes resultent de la retention des gaz dans le contenu du rumen, sous la forme d'une masse "spumeuse" ou "mousseuse". La persistance de lai spumosite des ingesta semble attribuable au manque d'union des bulles de gaz; elle s'expliquerait par la viscosite des ingesta, ainsi que par la nature de leurs surfactants. Ces substances peuvent en effet favoriser ou empecher la formation de mousse. On ignore la frequence des cas de meteorisme avec production de gaz libre, dans les troupeaux commerciaux; la surcharge alimentaire, l'acidose du rumen ou des lesions pathologiques de ce reservoir semblent en etre les causes les plus plausibles.

Les efforts actuels de la recherche portent sur l'association entre des bovins r6sistants au meteorisme et des varietes de luzerne et de trefle moins sujettes a engendrer cette condition, ainsi que sur le developpement de capsules propres 'a assurer la liberation soutenue de surfactants dans le rumen. Legume pasture and hay bloat are acute conditions but the occurrence and severity of high concentrate bloat increase over a period of time after feeding the bloat-provoking ration.

Legume hay bloat commonly occurs when legume hay and grain are fed in proportions between and Poloxalene is effective for the prevention of legume pasture and legume hay bloat but it is not recommended for prevention of high concentrate or free-gas bloat. Legume pasture, legume hay and high concentrate bloat are caused by retention of gas in the rumen contents as a "frothy" or "foamy" mass.

Persistence of the frothy condition in the ingesta appears to be due to lack of coalescence of the gas bubbles. Explanations for this condition are sought in terms of the nature of surface active material in the ingesta and viscosity of the ingesta. Surface active materials may be either profoaming or anti-foaming. Overeating, pathological lesions and rumen Discussions with Drs.

Chaplin, B. Gopacidosis are the most probable causes of free- len, J. McArthur and S. Sarkar have congas bloat. Current research efforts are directed tributed much to the formulation and clarification toward breeding bloat-resistant cattle and of the author's opinions expressed herein.

Alfalfa pastures compare favorably with grass-legume pastures and other field crops in Utah. Utah Sci. AcoRD, C. Bloat on dry alfalfa hay and legume pasture.

Practical observations on feedlot bloat-a producer's viewpoint. In Proc. Ruminant Bloat. Feed Manuf. Pasture bloat in cattle. Cattle bloat -cause, prevention and treatment of legume and feedlot types. In Beef Cattle Sci.

Ensminger, Ed. Agriservices Foundation, Clovis, California. Bloat in cattle. Efficacy of pol- Dairy Sci.